- Pixel Size: The actual size of individual pixels, measured in micrometers, regardless of length or width. Larger pixels result in shorter exposure times, but this comes at the cost of some spatial resolution. Conversely, smaller pixels require longer exposure times, but offer better image resolution.
- AE (Auto Exposure): Industrial cameras can operate in a wide range of lighting conditions, using AGC and IRIS motor control. AGC lowers large video signals under low brightness, while IRIS adjusts the light entering the camera under high brightness. Motor aperture control can be replaced with CCD IRIS control.
- AGC (Automatic Gain Control): A circuit that automatically adjusts the electronic amplification of the video signal to compensate for changes in illumination brightness levels.
- Aspect Ratio: Refers to the ratio of width to height in an image. Standard TV images use a 4:3 aspect ratio, while widescreen images use a 16:9 aspect ratio.
- ATW (Auto Tracking White Balance): In ATW mode, the white balance is continuously adjusted based on the color temperature of the object being photographed.
- Backlight Compensation: A feature in AE mode that adjusts exposure to make objects clearer when the background is too bright or the object is too dark.
- Bayonet Mount: A mount with a 38mm or 48mm distance from the lens mounting side to the CCD dimension of the industrial camera.
- C-mount: A mount where the CCD is positioned about 17.526mm from the rear of the lens.
- CCD Sensor: A semiconductor device that captures images in the form of a matrix or line. The optical lens focuses the image onto the sensor, where each pixel accumulates an electric charge proportional to the light it receives. This charge is then transmitted and read. In interlaced mode CCDs, the output matrix size is half of the photosensitive matrix. Progressive Scan CCDs have the same size for both matrices.
- CCD IRIS: A special mode for CCD cameras with electronic shutter operation. It automatically adjusts the shutter timing to maintain consistent video output, though this can reduce the sensitivity of the industrial camera. A fixed aperture lens can be used in environments with varying light levels, often in combination with the AGC function.
- EIA (Electronics Industries Association): A standard for black-and-white video, where each frame consists of 525 lines, 2 interlaced fields, and 30 frames per second. The black-and-white version of NTSC is often referred to as RS-170.
- CCIR: The European standard for black-and-white video signals, where each frame has 625 scan lines and 2 interlaced image fields.
- NTSC (National Television System Committee): A color signal standard used primarily in the US and Japan. Each NTSC image uses 525 scan lines and 30 frames per second, with each frame made up of two interlaced image fields.
- PAL (Phase Alternation Line): A color signal standard developed in Europe and used worldwide. Each image consists of 625 scan lines and 25 frames per second, with each frame made up of two interlaced image fields.
- Composite Sync: Combines HD and VD signals into one, often used for synchronization or Genlock in black-and-white systems.
- Depth of Field: The range between the closest and farthest point that can be in focus, which is affected by the lens focal length and aperture. A shorter focal length and a smaller aperture increase the depth of field.
- Digital Signal Processing (DSP): The process by which the output signal of an industrial camera’s sensor is processed before being displayed or transmitted. Common processing steps include signal amplification, gamma correction, black level correction, edge enhancement, color processing, color balance, color correction, and output signal encoding. The quality of the image is highly dependent on the accuracy and stability of these processors.
- Electronic Shutter: In CCD camera operation mode, the integration time can be shortened without requiring mechanical components, reducing motion blur when capturing fast-moving objects.
- Field: Half of a TV image, consisting of either odd or even lines. The NTSC/EIA specification has 60 fields per second with 262.5 scan lines per field. The PAL/CCIR specification has 50 fields per second with 312.5 scan lines per field. Odd and even fields combine to form a full frame.
- Frame: A complete TV image consisting of two interleaved scanned image fields. The NTSC/EIA specification has 30 frames per second with 525 scan lines, while the PAL/CCIR specification has 25 frames per second with 625 scan lines.
- Field/Frame Integration: A technique where two different pixels are read from the CCD interleaved scan output during the integration time. Field integration time is 16.6ms for NTSC/EIA or 20ms for PAL/CCIR, while frame integration time is 33.3ms for NTSC/EIA or 40ms for PAL/CCIR. Field integration allows higher image output but reduces vertical resolution, making it suitable for capturing fast-moving images. Frame integration provides full vertical resolution, with all CCDs read after two picture fields. Progressive Scan CCDs operate only under frame integration.
- Gain: Electronic amplification of the video signal.
- Gamma: A correction method to compensate for the nonlinear response of video monitors, particularly CRT displays. The typical gamma value is 0.45, which helps achieve linear brightness on CRT screens.
- Genlock: A circuit that synchronizes one signal set with another. There are different types of genlock: V-lock, V-lock and full-color. V-lock is used to switch between black-and-white or color signals. Hv-lock synchronizes black-and-white industrial cameras and requires HD+VD input or a composite VS video signal input. Full-color genlock is used when mixing images without color degradation and requires a VBS composite video input.
About the Meaning of Camera Sensitivity
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2025年1月16日
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