HD (Horizontal Drive): Used for the synchronization of line scan rate signals from an external source in industrial cameras. It is mostly used with VD in black-and-white industrial camera applications.
IEEE 1394: A digital network interface for high-speed data transmission. Current speed bandwidths are 200Mb/s, 400Mb/s, and 800Mb/s, with future plans for higher speeds. IEEE 1394 is an ideal interface between computers and audio/video products due to its ability to deliver timely data at a low cost, stability, and ease of use.
Interlace Scanning: A scanning method where half of the scan lines are swept into one field (odd lines) and the other half into another (even lines). Interlaced scanning is not applicable when the image refresh rate exceeds 25/30 frames per second.
IT (Interline Transfer): A CCD transmission method where the charge from photosensitive pixels is immediately transferred to the adjacent non-exposed vertical readout area. IT devices are cheaper and easier to manufacture than FT (Frame Transfer) devices, and are commonly used in both industrial and consumer cameras.
Long-term Integration: A special industrial camera mode similar to the B shutter design in cameras. CCD integration uses a long (user-defined) cycle to achieve high sensitivity. This mode requires stationary objects and must be used in conjunction with external industrial camera controls and frame memory.
Minimum Illumination: The minimum amount of light required to reach 50% or 100% of the video output level at full aperture.
Dark Noise Current: Refers to the random electric charge fluctuations in the CCD sensor when no light is present. It is analogous to the generation of electrons due to temperature, and the size of the noise is measured in terms of the number of charges generated per second at a given temperature.
Readout Noise: The noise generated when a CCD sensor outputs a signal, in addition to the effective output signal. This noise is caused by various factors within the sensor’s operation.
Quantum Efficiency (QE): The ratio of the number of charge carriers (electrons) generated by the sensor to the number of photons (light particles) incident on the sensor. It is usually expressed as a percentage.
Full-Well Capacity: The maximum amount of charge that can be stored in each pixel. A higher full-well capacity results in a larger dynamic range, allowing the sensor to capture both subtle brightness changes and darker details in the image.
MTF (Modulation Transfer Function): Defines the resolution capability of a lens. The MTF is typically highest when the lens is used near the middle of its aperture range.
ND Filter: A filter added to the front of the lens to reduce the amount of incoming light without affecting the color balance.
NF Mount: The mount of the industrial camera, with a focus distance of 12mm from the rear of the lens to the CCD mount.
Progressive Scan: A CCD design that can capture both odd and even scan fields simultaneously. Progressive Scan provides full vertical resolution, making it suitable for high-speed applications.
Restart/Reset: A special mode where the signal is terminated by an external trigger during the readout cycle, and the readout is resumed simultaneously afterward.
RS-232C: A standard for sequential (serial) data transfer used to control the functions of industrial cameras.
S/N (Signal to Noise Ratio): Often expressed in decibels (dB), it measures the ratio of the normal signal output to the noise in the electrical signal.
Square Pixel: Refers to whether the center of each pixel is equidistant from the horizontal and vertical axes of the CCD sensor. If the sensor uses non-square pixels, software correction is required to achieve the correct image geometry.
Analog to Digital (A/D): Refers to the format of the image signal output from CCD industrial cameras. Early CCD models used analog signal output, while newer models have built-in analog-to-digital (ADC) conversion circuits. The grayscale of an image depends on the bit depth of the A/D conversion. For example, an 8-bit camera provides 256 levels of grayscale, while a 10-bit camera can provide 1024 levels, and so on.
Spectral Characteristics: Defines the sensitivity or responsiveness of the CCD sensor to different wavelengths of light. The best spectral characteristics of industrial cameras are typically found in the visible light range (400-800nm).
Strobe Synchronization: A feature designed to capture fast-moving objects, often used with a flash to obtain a full-frame image in low-light environments. This feature requires a video card.
VBS (Video + Burst + Sync): A composite video signal that includes color information.
VS (Video + Sync): A composite black-and-white video signal, commonly used as a Genlock signal in black-and-white systems.
VD (Vertical Drive): Synchronizes the field rate signal of industrial cameras from an external source. It is commonly used with HD in black-and-white systems.
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